1. United States sanctions Rwanda’s defense ministry and Zigama

The U.S. Treasury sanctioned Rwanda’s defense ministry and a financial institution serving its security services over alleged support for M23. It accused Zigama of facilitating military purchases and transactions for the rebellion and helping move gold from rebel-held territory to Kigali.

2. Investigation traces ADF financing through gold and cocoa

A new investigation identifies gold trafficked through Uganda as the ADF’s main source of financing, followed by cocoa, extortion and kidnapping. It estimates that mining sites around Manguredjipa could generate $1 million to $1.6 million a year for the group.

3. Congolese and Rwandan officers advance a security plan

U.S.-convened military talks in Germany advanced a draft plan for carrying out commitments under the Washington agreement concerning the FDLR and Rwandan forces.

4. FRN claims a FARDC general has joined its forces

The Kabila-led FRN says Brigadier General François Kamanzi, identified as an operations commander in Kongo Central, has joined its military wing. The Congolese military has not confirmed the claim.

5. Crowd attacks Kisangani health center after suspected Ebola case

A crowd sacked the Bondeko health center following the transfer of a patient suspected of Ebola. In the Beni area, avoidance of health checks, resistance to surveillance and self-medication continue to complicate the outbreak response.